Neurofibromatosis & Its Genetic Implications Essays -

Neurofibromatosis and Its Genetic Implications The National Institute of Health characterizes Neurofibromatoses as gathering hereditary disarranges that influences the turn of events and development of neural cell tissues. These scatters cause tumor development in nerve tissues, skin changes, and sometimes bone deformations. Of the eight potential subtypes of Neurofibromatosis (NF) in any event 85% are spoken to by NF Type 1, otherwise called von Recklinghausen or exemplary fringe neurofibromatosis. It has a predominance of about 1:4000 live births. An extra 10% have NF Type 2, otherwise called acoustic or focal neurofibromatosis and happens in about 1:50,000 live births (Baskin 1). This paper will manage the more common NF Type 1 and spotlight on the side effects of the infection and biochemical parts of the NF1 and the moral ramifications of acquired hereditary issue. NF1 is an autosomal predominant acquired ailment described by different caf?- au-lait detects, various fibromas, and Lisch knobs. Most indications show up during adolescence and early grown-up life. Clinical standards for diagnosing the infection must incorporate at least two of the accompanying manifestations: (1) six or more caf?- au-lait spots bigger that 5 mm in pre-pubescent people and more noteworthy than 15 mm is post-pubescent people, (2) two or more neurofibromas of any sort or one plexiform neurofibroma, (3) axillary or inguinal freckling, (4) sphenoid bone dysplasia, (5) optic glioma, (6) Lisch knobs, and (7) a family ancestry of NF1. Different appearances incorporate learning incapacities, epilepsy, mental hindrance, scoliosis, gastrointestinal neurofibromas, pheochromacytomas, and renal conduit stenosis (Goldman 2074). Caf?- au-lait spots are pigmented macules of goliath melanin granules found in the basal layer of the epidermis and are recognized by the nearness of more DOPA-positive melanocytes than encompassing skin and a smooth outskirt and light earthy colored shade of the macules. Neurofibromas are hamartomatous, a mass of muddled tissue indigenous to a specific site (Robbins 134), that are made generally out of Schwann cells, yet in addition contain fibroblasts, pole cells and macrophages. Plexiform neurofibromatoas, huge, multilobe pendulous masses, are all the more profoundly arranged in huge nerves, for the most part include the appendages, and are related with hypertrophy of basic delicate tissues and bones. Lisch knobs, or iris harmartomas, are the most widely recognized indication of NF1. They are vault formed, raised, avascular, melanocytic knobs of the iris with a smooth shape and some translucency (Baskin 1-3). Neurofibromatosis Type I is an autosomal prevailing issue without inclination for sex, race, or shading. It appears with complete penetrance with profoundly factor articulation. The quality is situated on chromosome 17q and the quality includes around 350 kilobases (Goldman 2074). The quality codes for the protein neurofibromine which takes after specific proteins that inactivate oncogenes (Hulsebos 620); hence missing neurofibromine can prompt an expanded mien to malignancy. In spite of the fact that the turmoil is acquired, the unconstrained transformation rate is somewhere in the range of 2.4 and 4.3 x 10-5 (ncbl.nlm.nih.gov). A transcendent fatherly deduction proposes that the first change happens in the mitotic divisions that occur during male gametogenesis however not during female gametogenesis. The NF1 quality can show a twelve kilobase erasure including exons thirty-two through thirty-nine now and again or an increasingly serious cancellation including a 100 kilobase erasure from exon four close to the five prime finish of the quality to intron thirty-nine close to the three prime finish of the quality (nclb.nlm.nih.gov). There doesn't seem, by all accounts, to be any connection between's specific genotypes and phenotypes (Goldman 2074). The succession of the NF1 quality predicts 2,485 amino acids in the NF1 peptide. The peptide demonstrates some similitude to human GTPase enacting protein (GAP). This finding recommends that NF1 codes for a cytoplasmic GAP-like protein that associates with proteins like the RAS quality item in the control of cell development in. shows that the tumor smothering action of the NF1 protein adversely controls p21 (RAS) and shows a ?positive? development job for RAS action in NF1 tumors. The NF1 quality item neurofibromine contains a GTPase enacting protein known as NF1 GRD that downregulates RAS by animating inborn GTPase. Since RAS and GTP are significant controller particles in cell development and separation, freak neurofibromines coming about because of physical transformations in the NF1 quality may meddle with the RAS flagging pathway and subsequently add to the advancement of tumors (ncbl.nlm.nih.gov). The likelihood of transmission of NF1 is half with every pregnancy,

Italian Verbs For Beginners - Mood and Tenses

Italian Verbs For Beginners - Mood and Tenses When learning Italian, understudies normally will in general search for linguistic examples. Contemplating Italian action words in an automatic manner is an astute thought since its a productive utilization of time, and Italian action words are arranged in an assortment of ways. When examining Italian action words, however, keep away from the compulsion to make outright correlations with English. Despite the fact that there are numerous likenesses between the two dialects, there are likewise numerous principal contrasts. Moreover, there are consistently exemptions to the standard. So while adopting a sorted out strategy to Italian action words is a tremendous method to improve your Italian, consider it like requesting in an Italian café: be set up to arrange an alternate primo if your preferred dish isnt accessible. The Santa Trinit of VerbsVerbs are crucial to any language, and Italian is no exemption. There are three essential gatherings of Italian action words, characterized by the consummation of their infinitives: first conjugation (- are action words), second conjugation (- ere action words), and third conjugation (- wrath action words). Most Italian action words have a place with the principal conjugation gathering and follow an exceptionally uniform example. When you figure out how to conjugate one - are action word, youve basically learned several them. Also, shouldn't something be said about those Italian action words that dont end in - are? Second-conjugation (- ere) action words represent roughly one-fourth of every single Italian action word. Albeit many have a type of unpredictable structure, there are likewise numerous normal - ere action words. The last gathering of Italian action words is those that end in ​-rage. Feeling Tense? A Little Moody?Feeling tense considering Italian action words? Or on the other hand perhaps youre somewhat grouchy. There is a distinction. State of mind (a variety of the word mode) alludes to the mentality of the speaker toward what the person in question is stating. There are four limited mind-sets (modi finiti) in Italian: demonstrative (indicativo), which is utilized to show realities; subjunctive (congiuntivo), which is utilized to communicate a disposition or feeling toward an occasion; restrictive (condizionale), which is utilized to communicate what might occur in a speculative circumstance; and goal (imperativo), which is utilized to provide orders. (Note that advanced English just has three limited temperaments: characteristic, subjunctive, and objective.) There are additionally three uncertain states of mind (modi indefiniti) in Italian, alleged on the grounds that the structures don't show the individual (i.e., first, second, or third): infinitive (infinito), participle (participio), and ing word (gerundio). States of mind are separated into at least one tenses, which shows when the move of the action word makes place (present, past, or future). For reference, the diagram beneath records the mind-set and tenses of Italian action words in English and Italian. ITALIAN VERBS: MOOD AND TENSEIndicative/Indicativopresent/presentepresent impeccable/passato prossimoimperfect/imperfettopast immaculate/trapassato prossimoabsolute past/passato remotopreterite flawless/trapassato remotofuture/futuro semplicefuture impeccable/futuro anteriore Subjunctive/Congiuntivopresent/presentepast/passatoimperfect/imperfettopast immaculate/trapassato Contingent/Condizionalepresent/presentepast/passato Basic/Imperativopresent/presente Infinitive/Infinitivopresent/presentepast/passato Participle/Participiopresent/presentepast/passato Ing word/Gerundiopresent/presentepast/passato Conjugating Italian Verbs SingularI personII personIII personPluralI personII personIII individual Learning six structures for each action word would be an interminable errand. Luckily, most Italian action words are normal action words, which means they are conjugated after a standard example. Truth be told, there are just three sporadic first conjugation action words. When the customary action word endings are remembered the example can be applied to different action words of a similar gathering. Or then again, they are unpredictable, and don't follow a normal example. Albeit various, even the unpredictable second and third conjugation action words fall into a couple of gatherings that make it simpler to retain. Essere and Avere: Dont Leave Home Without ThemLanguage implies activity, and you cannot communicate in Italian without the action words essere (to be) and avere (to have). These two fundamental action words are utilized in compound action word arrangements, colloquial articulations, and numerous other linguistic developments. Become the maestro of these two action words and youll have made a monster stride towards learning Italian. In TransitReady for activity? At that point its time for a transitive action word those that take an immediate article (complemento oggetto): Luisa legge un libro (Luisa peruses a book). Transitive action words can likewise be utilized in the outright sense; that is, with a certain immediate article: Luisa legge (Luisa peruses [a book, magazine, newspaper]). Intransitive action words, then again, are those that never take an immediate article: Giorgio cammina (Giorgio strolls). A few action words can be delegated either transitive or intransitive, contingent upon the setting of the sentence. Action words With Voice!Italian action words (like action words in numerous different dialects) have two voices. An action word is in the dynamic voice when the subject does or plays out the activity of the action word: Marco ha preparato le valigie (Marco gathered the bags). An action word is in the uninvolved voice when the subject is followed up on by the action word: La scena à ¨ stata filmata da un famoso regista (The scene was recorded by a popular chief). Just transitive action words with an unequivocal direct article can be changed from the dynamic voice to the detached voice. Mirror, Mirror, on the WallYou wake up (svegliarsi), wash up (farsi la doccia), brush your hair (pettinarsi), and get dressed (vestirsi). You couldnt start your day without reflexive action words (verbi riflessivi). Those are action words whose activity returns to the subject: Mi lavo (I wash myself). In Italian, reflexive pronouns (I pronomi reflessivi) are required while conjugating reflexive action words. Coulda, Woulda, ShouldaThere are three significant Italian action words known as verbi servili or verbi modali (modular action words). These action words, potere (to have the option to, can), volere (to need), dovere (to need to, must), can remain solitary, taking on their given significance. They can likewise follow the infinitive of different action words, working to change the importance of those action words. Action words That End In - sene, - sela, - celaThere are a gathering of Italian action words that are conjugated with two diverse pronoun particles. Action words, for example, meravigliarsene and provarcisi are called pronominal action words (verbi pronominali). Indeed, they are as yet delegated either first-conjugation (- are action words), second-conjugation (- ere action words), or third-conjugation (- fury action words) as per the consummation of their infinitives. Numerous pronominal action words are utilized colloquially. Shadowed By A PrepositionCertain Italian action words (and articulations) are trailed by explicit relational words, for example, a, di, per, and su. In any case, to the dismay of understudies everything being equal and capacities, there is no immovable arrangement of rules administering this syntactic utilization. This is one occasion in which language students must acclimate themselves with tables that incorporate Italian action words and articulations followed by explicit relational words just as action words followed straightforwardly by the infinitive.

Common and Rare Side Effects of Xanax

Common and Rare Side Effects of Xanax Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Common and Rare Side Effects of Xanax By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 21, 2020 Tara Moore / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis Xanax is the brand name for the drug alprazolam, a type of benzodiazepine that is sometimes prescribed to treat panic disorder and other anxiety conditions. Common side effects of Xanax include dizziness, dry mouth, drowsiness, headache, and slurred speech, but there are some effects that are rarer. If you or someone you love is taking Xanax or alprazolam (the generic version), you should be aware of the potential side effects, as well as the effects of overdose and discontinuation. According to a study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, alprazolam is the third most commonly prescribed psychiatric drug in the U.S.?? Xanax Side Effects Check with your doctor if any of the following side effects are pervasive or are bothersome: More Common: Dry mouth; sleepiness; drowsiness; clumsiness or unsteadiness; dizziness or light-headedness; speech disturbances.?? Less Common or Rare: Gastrointestinal disturbances; blurred vision or other changes in vision; changes in sexual desire or ability; a headache; increased saliva; muscle spasm; problems urinating; trembling or shaking; unusual tiredness or weakness; weight changes.?? When to Notify Your Doctor Contact your doctor if you experience the following side effects: Less Common: Anxiety; confusion (may be more common in the elderly); fast, pounding or irregular heartbeat; memory disturbances. Rare: Abnormal thinking, disorientation, delusions or agitation; behavior changes, including aggressive behavior, bizarre behavior, decreased inhibition or outbursts of anger; convulsions (seizures); hallucinations; hypotension (low blood pressure); muscle weakness; skin rash or itching; sore throat, fever, and chills; ulcers or sores in mouth or throat; uncontrolled movements of body, including the eyes; unusual bleeding or bruising; unusual excitement, nervousness or irritability; unusual tiredness or weakness (severe); yellow eyes or skin.?? Xanax Withdrawal Side Effects   Xanax dependence may occur within a relatively short period of time, especially at higher dosages. Tolerance can also occur quickly, so people may find themselves needing to take more of the drug to achieve the same effects that they initially experienced. For this reason, Xanax should be tapered off. Tapering involves gradually reducing the dosage of the drug in order to minimize potential withdrawal effects. There is a higher risk of withdrawal effects if the drug is stopped abruptly. More Common: Irritability; nervousness; insomnia; anxiety; light-headedness; a headache; fatigue; nausea or vomiting; weight loss; decreased appetite; sweating; unusual involuntary movement.?? Less Common: Abdominal cramps, nausea or vomiting; fast or pounding heartbeat; increased physical sensitivities; increased sweating; delusions, hallucination, cognitive disturbances, muscle cramps or abnormal movements. Rare (Notify Your Doctor Immediately): Confusion of time, place or person; convulsions (seizures); feelings of suspicion or distrust; hallucinations. Xanax Overdose Side Effects   Side effects of a Xanax overdose include confusion (continuing); convulsions (seizures); drowsiness (severe) or coma; shakiness; abnormal heartbeat; slow reflexes; slurred speech (continuing); staggering; troubled breathing; weakness (severe). Other side effects not listed above may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your doctor.

Intergenerational Interview Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Integration with text According to Brown and Lowis (2003), individuals within their 80s and 90s develop new demands, difficulties, and re-evaluations that require adequate confrontation and discussion achievable by designating a ninth stage that would clarify such challenges (Brown & Lowis, 2003). This proposition was earlier made by Erikson himself, and the researchers in the study only targeted at investigating if such a stage could be established and hold significance for individuals beyond the eighth stage, characterized by â€Å"integrity† versus â€Å"despair†. The findings of the study revealed that human beings are constantly developing psychologically and spiritually, all through their lifespan, for as long as they may live. According to the authors of the article, such knowledge is of great importance in terms of comforting those individuals that are aging, and of value to relatives, caregivers, and friends who can gain in terms of developing in-depth understanding of the superfic ial behaviour of the elderly (Brown & Lowis, 2003). Conclusion From the interview I conducted with Catherine, one of the most important things I learned is the importance of having interests, as one grows old. We will write a custom essay sample on Intergenerational Interview or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Such interests may either be creative, intellectual, or social. At an advanced age, such interests should not be necessarily directed towards achieving certain objectives or goals, as they are mostly important in maintaining self-identity. Erikson’s contradiction between â€Å"integrity† and â€Å"despair† does not clearly capture the niceties of growing old. These are just the end states that one attains after growing old, but do not involve the process of growing old. Erikson’s stages of psychological were highly important in understanding Catherine and her current state of psychological development. Interview questions and responses 1. What makes this stage of your life different from the rest? Catherine explained that she had faced a series of health issues including dependency, mobility, and ability to carry out activities. She mentioned that she could no longer walk and that she needed a walker to move from one place to another within the house. She also mentioned her loneliness given that she was initially used to her family members including her husband and two daughters, yet she now lives in an assisted care facility. 2. What personal events significantly shaped your life? According to Catherine, he earlier life as she grew up in her town of birth, in the Midwest, was one of the most important parts of her life as she had kind and loving parents, although somehow distant from her.

The Regulation And Taxation Of Marijuana Act - 1618 Words

November,8, 2016 the ballots were dispersed and votes were submitted. Question four on the ballot was known as the â€Å"The Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Act.† The numbers came in and beginning December 15, 2016 in Massachusetts, individuals above the age of twenty-one will now be able to legally purchase, possess, cultivate, and use marijuana, with limitations on quantity, for recreational and medicinal use under the statutes of the state laws. While the prohibition of marijuana in Massachusetts has ended, many new movements must now begin to maintain, regulate, and pursue a positive outcome. With other states that have already passed such laws, such as Colorado, Massachusetts will begin to piggyback off their models. Developing a system that will hopefully come to fruition of all the possibilities and benefits this new law has promised. One of the greatest appeals of this law was the revenue that would be brought in from the sales of products of marijuana. Not only will the Commonwealth be able to implement an excise tax of 3.75%, there will also be an optional local sales tax of up to two percent of the total sales price by the retailer that will be directly applied to the city or town in which it was implemented. All revenue including state taxes, application and licensing fees, and civil fines will be placed in a Marijuana Regulation Fund and distributed for the usage of administrative fees, enforcement officials, and regulation staffing. Administrative fees willShow MoreRelatedAlternative Course Of Action :1355 Words   |  6 PagesAlternative course of Action: A. Alternative #1 – Do nothing and keep current legislation When it comes to medicinal cannabis and its regulation, we have the chance to keep the current legislation. This would include requiring potential patients to visit a certified doctor or practitioner in order to receive an official license. After obtaining this license the patient can then take their license into the government distribution facility . Once they have taken it in, the dosage will be confirmedRead MoreShould Cannabis Be Legalised?1595 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermine whether cannabis should be legalised in Australia. In most Western countries, Cannabis has been viewed as a dangerous narcotic, dating back to the 20th century, whilst a number of legislation acts have been put in place to prohibit this drug such as, the Geneva Convention Dangerous Drugs Act (1925), Individual country legislation: Great Britain, (1928); Australia (1928); USA, (1937) and the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, (1961). Australia has decriminalised cannabis since 1987 in allRead More Drugs and Alcohol Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesrecreational use. In the United States, marijuana has been and continues to be a very controversial drug. Some states have allowed marijuana consumption for medicinal purposes, while others have completely outlawed the drug. Those who are against the legalization and regulation of marijuana suggest the economical and health risk associated with consumption of the drug are too high. Although there is risk involved with the legalization of the marijuana, our country has already been risking tooRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Should Be Legalized1432 Words   |  6 Pages The legalization of marijuana is a controversial subject; however, there are many positive arguments to support the idea. It has been scientifically proven that marijuana is not a health risk and that it is less toxic than alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, and aspirin. It has helped many people with h ealth problems, such as, Aids, Cancer, Epilepsy, and many more. It would also bring in a large amount of tax revenue; further proving that marijuana should be legalized throughout the United States. ThereRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuan The Economic Case2418 Words   |  10 Pages LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA IN THE US: THE ECONOMIC CASE. BIE COOKEY-GAM ECONOMICS 280 DECEMBER 4TH 2014 JOHN WRIGHT ABSTRACT This paper intends to outline the benefits of legalization of marijuana, show the possible negative externalities from making a once illegal drug, fully legal and regulated. ItRead MoreThe Drug Prohibition Of The United States Of America1629 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumption. For instance, in the Netherland and Switzerland, where marijuana is legalized, the consumption rate is lower than in the United States of America, where consumption of Marijuana is prohibited in most of the states. This study argues for the legalization of the consumption of drugs and decriminalization of possession and use of drugs in the United States of America. Drugs were legal for many years before the 1914 Harrison Act. The period of massive availability of drugs and the consumptionRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: Benefits and Statistics The topic of legalizing marijuana has been a topic of controversy for quite some time now not only throughout our local streets, but throughout the local and into the state government. The legalization of marijuana is such a controversial topic because some are for it and some are against it. People are for the legalization because of the great uses it has towards medicine, the money that could come from the taxation of legalized marijuana, and theRead MoreMarijuana Legalization : A Missed Opportunity For California1635 Words   |  7 PagesCannabis Legalization, A Missed Opportunity for California It has been estimated that the legalization and subsequent taxation (excise and sales tax) of cannabis in California could generate anywhere between $990 million and $1.4 billion annually in tax revenue. Additionally it has been estimated that legalization could reduce statewide enforcement costs by $150 million annually. Considering the number of human service agencies, departments, and programs that have had their budgets either significantlyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?939 Words   |  4 Pagesnews about crime is the pharmaceutical industry. Marijuana in the United States, with the exception of a few states, is illegal and pharmaceutical corporations want to keep it that way. They influence the news and legislators by providing information on the effects of marijuana as well as give money to other corporations to keep prohibition of marijuana around. Even though marijuana could be used for medicinal purpose, self-cultivation of marijuana pose a risk financially to pharmaceu tical companiesRead More Decriminalization and Regulation of Marijuana Essay2191 Words   |  9 PagesMarijuana has a long standing history of being one of the most controversial substances in America. While the history or the Cannabis plant indicates not only acceptance as a useful plant, but even advocated as a source of revenue and medicinal usage, much of the United States government propaganda over the last 100+ years has led Americans to accept very slighted and often false information about the plant and its uses. Based on the origin of the illegalization of marijuana and the inconsistent

Porter and Bogusky advertising Free Essays

The move to Crispin, Porter and Bogusky advertising was one of the wisest moves that Burger King CEO Brad Blum could have made. From previously declining sales, Crispin advertising was able to change all that through its out of the box advertising campaigns. Although ultimately Burger King sales went up, it did not necessarily mean that the market and the critics were impressed. We will write a custom essay sample on Porter and Bogusky advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following is a short discussion on most and least helpful of these campaigns and their impact on the potential market of Burger King. Crispin used several consumer sales promotions items to help boost the sales of Burger King. Out of those discussed in the readings, the Coq Roq campaign was least helpful. Although sales of Chicken Fries were very strong, the use of a heavy metal band and too commercialized overly focused on the promotion of the band rather than the product it was trying to sell. Worse, shortened the reach of the company to only its current target market and isolated it from the rest of its potential market, by making their advertising too specific to a particular market. Unlike the Coq Roq campaign, the Have it your way campaign was the most helpful. It was able to address the underlying desire of consumers of being made to feel individual and special. It showed consumers that their needs and wants came first, and this was portrayed by a quirky television commercial of two men in an office racing to create their own burger. In addition, the online campaign â€Å"subservient chicken,† which was connected with the have it your way campaign drew in more customers by using word of mouth, or in this case by sharing it with friends through e-mail. By this kind of promotion, Crispin was able to expand Burger Kings target market by the use of a campaign that was friendly to a wider market. By this method of advertising it accomplished what the Coq Roq campaign was unable to, that is it allowed the image of Burger King to be more â€Å"market friendly,† attracting other segments of the market. How to cite Porter and Bogusky advertising, Papers

Risks and Opportunities in China and South Africa Commercial Risks

Question: Discuss about theRisks and Opportunities in China and South Africa for Commercial Risks. Answer: Introduction The evaluation of the different types of the risk factors, as well as the opportunities, is considered to be vital for the establishment of a business within a selected firm. There are some of the commercial risks which affect the marketing and business strategies of international companies in various countries (Armstrong, 2014). This research paper will help in reflecting the commercial risks, financial risks as well as the different kinds of country risk factors for execution of the business process in China and South Africa. Evaluation of Commercial Risks The different commercial risks merely refer to the critical losses which arise from the concerned market segments or the respective trade partners. The most frequent risks are the loosing of the financial and confidential documents, mostly for those owners who resides outside of china and have their business in China. The management of the commercial risks throughout china has increased significantly as soon as there has been a rise in the difficulties of the countrys economy (Darst, 2013). The growth in the supply of money was found to be low for china prior the year 1978, there were certain commercial risks from the low supply, planned and the steady flow of the money and the financial system (Darst, 2013). Soon, the demand for money as well as the credit increased giving rise to the inflation rate and therefore these risks are considered to be of the potential threat for any of the company planning to settle its business process throughout the concerned market segments of china. M oving, to South Africa the commercial risks affects the economy development of the country to some extent. Poverty, hike in the food prices, scarcity, agricultural policies, and rights and the climate change are seen to be the most crucial commercial risks throughout South Africa (Fabozzi and Markowitz, 2011). The food security is one of the repaid growing concerns for the government of South Africa. On the other hand, poverty is one of the crucial factors that affect the economic growth of any firm executing its business process in South Africa. Evaluation of Currency (Financial) Risks It has been seen that the change in the exchange rates plays a vital role in the companies' executing their respective business processes internationally (Forests under climate change: potential risks and opportunities, 2015). There are categories under the financial risk management section; they are capital management, operational risks, credit risks, treasury and market risk, regulatory risk, insurance and the actuarial risks. Throughout Africa and the different regions of east Africa, the management and the mitigation of the different market risks are considered to be of very important. Moving to the next is the capital management risk which affects the business model of the existing company as well as to the new company entering it to the market segments. China is having a large amount of debt as compared with the other developing nations and it is recorded that the economys financial debt has tripled over the past few years. Moreover, it has become very difficult for china to de ploy all the concerned capital productively over a shortest possible time (Internationalization in Egypt: Risks and Opportunities, 2012). For many of the companies, it was very difficult to make the banking loans secured with the help of the shadow banking systems. Evaluation of Country Risks In order to execute and establish a particular business within a country, the most crucial is to identify the factors which can affect the business growth of the company concerned. The business climate and the credit risks of china need to be recognized as these factors can help in generating a good amount of the sales revenue for the firm by reducing the various other losses. The expansion of the shadow banking and the increase in the high debt makes it very difficult for any company to get settle its business process throughout the china (Jahn, 2012). Moreover, there are potential risks in South Africa which need to be identified by the various companies planning to expand its market segments in South Africa. Poverty inequalities are major risks and cause potential threat to the businesses as to settle their business methods in South Africa. There are sources of social risks which can affect the business process of any firm in various other ways (Lammle, 2011). The infrastructures including the transport along with the energy are two of the major shortcomings which are considered to be the major risks of South Africa. Evaluation of Cross-Cultural Risks The cross-cultural management is of vast importance as the diverse cultures in an organization results in conflicts between the employees associated with the firm. Some of the top cross-cultural risks are as follows, unable to understand the local market demands, failing in recognizing the subculture and the regional differences, failing in understanding the local practices of concerned businesses, failing in adaptation of effective cross-cultural management practices. It has been seen that there are different cultures of people coming from globally throughout South Africa among whose conflicts takes place (Saaty and Vargas, 2013). Therefore, it becomes very crucial to maintain the effectiveness of the employees by providing them suitable training regarding the business needs and by making them understand regarding the cooperation in the workplace (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher, 2012). Furthermore, china is also facing the same problem regarding the employees coming from different count ries. Therefore these are the risks which merely affects in reducing the profitability and growth of the concerned country within the particular country. The facts reflected about South Africa and China critically evaluates that the financial and the different types of the country risks needs to be identified in order to increase the desired growth of the business processes of the firm. Recommendations on Entry Strategies The entry strategies are of much importance for the establishment of a company within the selected countries. Higher volatility throughout the business market segments crucially affects the development and growth of a concerned business. Some of the recommended strategies are exporting, licensing, franchising, management contracting, contract manufacturing and Turnkey projects. Identification of Advantages and Disadvantages for Recommended Entry Strategies Franchising Advantages It is the crucial way of gaining the different types of foreign returns on the name of customer service, trades as well as the assets. The primary advantage is that it has the limited financial commitments which help in retaining the maximum profits to the firm concerned. Moreover, it involves a commitment for the longer time in the selected country, as for example McDonald Corporation (Werner, 2014). There is royalty throughout the payment process received from the different companies. The firm gets relieved from many of the costs as well as the potential risks for opening new market segments. Disadvantages There are certain disadvantages such as no location of the economies as there remains no manufacturing. There remain crucial risks regarding the reputation of the primary company throughout worldwide. Exporting Advantages There is an easy implementation of these strategies throughout the countries concerned. Less investment along with the minimal risks are other major advantages of this process which helps in evaluating the growth of the concerned firm (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher, 2012). Disadvantages There are certain other logical difficulties and the process is less suitable for the service products. The transportation costs sometimes became higher as well as uneconomical. Licensing Advantages It permits the respective firm to go beyond the barriers of investment and enhance its business processes. It is frequently used while the firm retains the intangible property. Disadvantages The major disadvantage is that the inconsistency may affect the products or the goods concerned in a negative way. It does not provide the firm full or complete control over the manufacturing along with the marketing process. Contract Manufacturing Advantages The client needs not to do the purchasing of the raw materials as well as the manufacturing facilities. It increases the percentages of the economic scale. Disadvantages Less management and the complexity are some of its vital disadvantages. There are potential quality issues, potential security as well as the confidentiality issues. Conclusion/Summary of the Discussion Identification of the country, financial and the cross-cultural risks are of great importance, as they create an enormous impact on the execution of the business process of the firm. The paper presents the evaluation of the different types of the financial risks of South Africa along with China business market segments. References Armstrong, M. (2014).Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. London: Kogan Page. Darst, D. (2013).Portfolio investment opportunities in China. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Darst, D. (2013).Portfolio investment opportunities in managed futures. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Fabozzi, F. and Markowitz, H. (2011).The theory and practice of investment management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Forests under climate change: potential risks and opportunities. (2015).Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 24(2), pp.157-172. Hughes, R., Kinder, A. and Cooper, C. (2012).International handbook of workplace trauma support. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Internationalization in Egypt: Risks and Opportunities. (2012).CBR, 11(09). Jahn, H. (2012). Chinas Megacities: Risks, Opportunities and Environmental Health.Public Health Forum, 20(2). Lammle, T. (2011).CCNA. Hoboken: Sybex [Imprint]. Saaty, T. and Vargas, L. (2013).Decision making with the analytic network process. New York: Springer. Truss, C., Mankin, D. and Kelliher, C. (2012).Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Werner, J. (2014). Human Resource Development Human Resource Management: So What Is It?.Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), pp.127-139.

Black Berries Essay Example

Black Berries Essay In the poems â€Å"Blackberrying† and â€Å"Blackberries† the authors Sylvia Plath and Yusef Komunyakaa both use diction, imagery, and figurative language to establish symbols that work to impact the overall tone of the poem. In â€Å"BlackBerrying† Sylvia Plath uses blackberries to symbolize her loneliness. While Komunyakaa uses blackberries to symbolize his innocence in a world were the rich look down on the poor. First of all, Plath and Komunyakaa both use symbols that impact the overall tone of their poems. Sylvia Plath demonstrates her emotional struggle and her need of company by stating she has a bond â€Å"blood sisterhood† with the berries and were she believes â€Å"they must love† her (Line 8). She is alone in the woods and the blackberries which are symbolic of imaginary people are her only company. This emphasizes her loneliness since she is imagining that the blackberries are people who are offering her their love. The thought of being alone for Plath is a fear she has and to have blackberries as your company is how she creates a frightening tone. She continues this frightening tone when she sees the â€Å"choughs in black† which she describes as cacophonous. Choughs are black birds with red feet, symbolic for death, and their cacophonous (discordant) noise which is symbolic for her inner voice screaming at her things she doesn’t want to hear. Clearly, Plath through the use of these words is able to show how she is depressed and afraid. Later on she see’s a â€Å"bush of flies† indicating the berries are rotten and the choughs are feasting on this (Line 15-16). We will write a custom essay sample on Black Berries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Black Berries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Black Berries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The bush of flies is probably symbolic for her soul, deteriorating because she is depressed and the choughs in this case are symbolic of loneliness and death which is slowly eating away her soul. This further increases the dark and ominous tone and Plath is able to show this to the reader through the use of symbols and their emotional impact. In contrast, Komunyakaa uses diction and symbols to show how his innocence is taken away by a society where he is looked down upon. Komunyakaa demonstrates his innocence when he eats berries with one hand and with the other puts them in the gallon as part of his work (Line 9-10). He like any child takes work as play and see’s no wrong in doing hard labor yet he is unaware that he like many others is being taken advantage of. The blackberries in here symbolize his innocence which helps build up the poem to the part where he becomes aware of the truth. When, Komunyakaa has collected enough he goes to the city to sell the blackberries, here is where he finds himself â€Å"Limboed between worlds† (Line 18). Komunyakaa references the Bible throughout the poem, for instance the Limbo is where non-Christians go after death and this limbo is in between Earth and Heaven. The limbo is symbolic for his feeling of being stuck between two worlds since he has now seen the contrast between the rich (Heaven) and poor (Earth). This symbolism plays an important role in impacting the tone because his idea of life as he is experiencing, isn’t what he thought it to be. Komunyakaa realizes how the poor are belittled and looked down on when the girl and boy are â€Å"in the wide seat Smirking† (Line 21-23). His usage of words are effective in letting the reader know that the girl and boy are symbolic of rich â€Å"wealthy† since he describes their car as wide and with air-conditioning. This usage of words lets the reader know that the girl and boy are more privileged since they seem to have an attitude where they feel superior to Komunyakaa because of what they own. Also, the reader can see the disillusioned tone where Komunyakaa is looked at as inferior and it’s then he realizes his people are just slaves that work for the rich. Furthermore, Plath and Komunyakaa use imagery to convey how symbols impact the tone of their poems. Plath, while alone in the woods see’s â€Å"bits of burnt paper wheeling in a blown sky† (Line 11). The â€Å"bits of paper† are symbolic of the choughs and â€Å"in a blown sky† meaning in flight. This aids in creating a dark feeling to the poem for the fact that she is alone and the visual imagery of death or misery flying in the air shows she is afraid of what might happen. Then, she hears only their voice â€Å"protesting, protesting† (Line 12). Plath uses auditory imagery here to create a frightening scene for the audience so they can imagine what she is going through. The choughs protesting symbolizes her inner voice screaming things she fears, screaming for help, and screaming what she doesn’t want to hear. This symbolism impacts the tone by making it more frightening since the author is stuck with her loud thoughts and alone. The sea which stated earlier in the poem is for her some sort of hope which she can barely see. And when she is brought by a hook to where she thinks is the sea instead brings her to â€Å"a great space† looking out at nothing (Line 23-25). This is visual imagery that Plath uses to say she has come to an end (great space) and see’s no solution to her problem (nothing). The great space which is empty symbolizes a void in her soul/mind which she has reached. Indicating that she is fighting against this loneliness that haunts her but she realizes that she sees no hope when she reaches that great space. This symbolism impacts the tone greatly since what Plath was afraid that she would have to face has finally come. On the other hand, Komunyakaa uses symbols in imagery to illustrate the impact it has on the overall tone. He exemplifies this when he says, â€Å"They left my hands like a printer’s† (Line 1). Komunyakaa uses visual imagery since his hands were left like a printer filled with ink. The stains on his hands meaning the stains of blackberry juice after picking so many of them in his work. This work he does which causes his hands to be stained puts him in a position where he is feeling ashamed. Basically saying that he works hard and all he gets is stains meaning the traumas or scars that life leaves after an experience. At first, he see’s no problem with having stained hands since he has the mind of an innocent child who doesn’t care about being dirty. But after he realizes that in society image is of importance, he knows the rich kids make fun of him as â€Å"wintertime† coming from the window’s of their car hits him (Line 20). Wintertime symbolizes the cold look he gets from the children as if judging him for being poor and dirty while they are of high income and this shows tactile imagery. This contributes to the tone of disillusionment since he is well aware now that society looks down at people like him and they are seen as dirty, worthless and this makes him feel guilty. After the car leaves he remembers he is dirty and his fingers are â€Å"burning with thorns† (Line 24). This as well is tactile imagery because his hands are feeling the burn from the thorns of blackberry vines. His fingers â€Å"burning with thorns† is symbolic of himself feeling exposed and ashamed that he is looked at as an inferior for being poor. This can also be an allusion to the Bible were Adam and Eve feel exposed because of their nudity. This is where symbolism has the most impact because Komunyakaa lost his innocence and knows see’s the distinction between poor and rich. Finally, Plath and Komunyakaa use figurative language to establish symbols that impact the tone of the poems. Plath says she see’s a sea at the end of a path â€Å"heaving† meaning that the waves are moving (Line 3-4) The sea at the end of a path symbolizes hope for Plath which is what she wishes for. Plath feels scared and the only thing that can provide comfort for her is the sea which she hopes to get closer to. Being in a forest alone contributes to a frightening tone however the sea is the solution for her. As she tries to get closer to the sea she finds herself â€Å"between two hills† and the wind hits her with its â€Å"phantom laundry† (Line 19-21). The figurative language she uses here is personification in which the wind hits her with the phantom laundry which are the leaves described as having ghost-like qualities. When Plath is hit by the leaves she realizes that she has to be practical and try to find a solution to her problems. This phantom laundry can symbolize problems in her life which she has to overcome in order to find inner peace. It can also symbolize a ghost or something that haunts her which she has to overcome. This symbol contributes to a frightening tone because we get the image of her being in the woods with this wind that seems as if controlled by a ghost. Finally, when Plath reaches the end of her journey she finds herself in front of nothing â€Å"beating and beating at an intractable metal† (Line 27). Repetition is the figurative language Plath uses in this line. Plath places emphasis on â€Å"beating and beating† as if stuck here in a void trying to get out but can’t because the â€Å"intractable metal† won’t let her. This intractable metal is symbolic of the fear or misery that doesn’t let her be happy and keeps her in a lonely state and this creates a frightening tone. By contrast, Komunyakaa uses figurative language to make symbols that contribute to his tone of disillusionment. He makes reference to the biblical symbols when he describes blackberries falling into a â€Å"garland of thorns† and in turn the â€Å"damp ground was consecrated† (Line 5-6). The â€Å"garland of thorns† is symbolical of the crown of thorns on Jesus head and â€Å"consecrated† meaning that the blackberries made the ground holy. It’s as if Komunyakaa is saying that blackberries falling from heaven make the ground on Earth holy. This shows his innocence by saying that the work he does is a great job and he doesn’t see the bad side of it but later he finds out that his work is unappreciated. Then, when he says â€Å"I could smell old lime-covered History† he sort of knows that there is some sort of injustice but since he is a child he doesn’t understand the full meaning of this. Komunyakaa alludes historical events in which the poor have been mistreated by the rich but his age makes him not understand this so well. He probably heard other adults talking about this but like any child they don’t really pay attention. It’s not until he experiences injustice for himself that he realizes how his people are mistreated which is why symbolism contributes to the disillusioned tone. Finally, this is how Plath and Komunyakaa use diction, imagery, and figurative language to establish symbols that impact the overall tone of the poems. Basically, â€Å"Blackberrying† by Sylvia Plath uses symbols to make a frightening tone stating that she is alone and she looks for help but can’t find it. It’s her way of expressing her cry for help and desire to be loved and noticed. While in Komunyakaa â€Å"Blackberries† he uses a lot of religious symbols to show how his innocence is taken away by a society where the poor are worthless. The symbols impact the disillusioned tone by starting out with him having the innocence of a child. Then, being stuck in a limbo and finally experiencing for himself how it is to be mistreated by the rich.

How to Connect with Book Clubs

How to Connect with Book Clubs It can be difficult to find sources that allow authors access to book clubs. Clubs often like to choose their own books. So what’s an author to do if she doesn’t have a Top 5 publisher promoting her to clubs? Here are a few proven options that use a variety of methods and budgets to reach book clubs, plus free tips if you can’t afford the cost. For Book Club Lists: Where Writers Win Shari Stauch is CEO and creator of an online marketing site for emerging writers,  Where Writers Win. The site puts authors in charge of their own marketing for a reasonable annual fee. â€Å"Winner Circle is a place where you can find a list of vetted book clubs that you may approach and pitch your book as a book club selection.† The clubs on this site are up to date and open to pitches, and a template for querying clubs is provided. Writers such as William Lobb and J.C. Sasser have used it successfully. Both were picked up Stauch is offering a discount: $20 off the first year of membership; use code VIPW20 to pay $39.95. Visit  https://writerswin.com/join-today/  to sign up/access these book club lists. And This Free Tip:  Use Twitter and Goodreads to find book club bloggers, and check in at local libraries to see if they host book clubs. Some bookstores do as well. For Book Club Giveaways and Outreach: BookClubCookbook Since 2004,  BookClubCookbook.com  has been connecting fiction and nonfiction authors and publishers with thousands of devoted book discussion group members. I used them in 2010 and spoke to several book clubs that contacted me after finding the book on the site. They’ve grown exponentially since then. â€Å"It’s a loyal community of book lovers sharing books, recipes, and ideas to spice up book club discussions. . . . . Our promotions highlight messages from authors, book tours, book club speaking availability, and offer giveaways. We also provide author recipes and book club menu ideas, and are happy to help authors select or develop recipes to accompany their promotions,† writes cofounder Judy Gelman. See opportunities for authors and publishers. For children’s, MG, and YA authors, see the KidsBookClubbing. And This Free Tip:  Include contact information on your website specifically soliciting book clubs; join Skype for long distance interviews/talks. For Book Club Advertising: AuthorBuzz For me, AuthorBuzz was invaluable for putting me directly in touch with readers, increasing my mailing list Bookmovement advertises giveaways and new releases and provides reading guides and book lists to clubs. Contact either  AuthorBuzz.com  or  KidsBuzz.com  to start your promotional package. Packages can be customized, but the basic price for reaching this large number of book clubs is $750 for â€Å"BookClubbing.† Pricey, but this site has repeat customers and has launched many bestsellers. Note KidsBuzz has lower advertising rates. See kids pricing page.   And This Free Tip:  Posting on YouTube is free. Upload a video of you reading an excerpt and include a pitch to book clubs. Finally, be sure to develop a Reader’s Guide you can upload to your site or put at the back of the book, never be pushy when contacting clubs directly, and send thank you’s if you are selected or interviewed.

Basseri of Iran Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Basseri of Iran - Research Paper Example One definition offered for pastoral nomads is that they are â€Å"societies specializing in animal husbandry requiring periodic movement† (Barfield, 1984). For such societies, â€Å"animal husbandry is †¦an ideal way of making a living† and â€Å"movement of all or part of the society is considered a normal and natural part of life† (Barfield, 1984). Another interesting aspect of this people is that in the modern context, though they may be making more income out of activities other than pastoralism, still â€Å"the concept of nomadic pastoralism remains central to their own identities† (Barfield, 1984). Generations who have remained pastoral nomads have instilled a unique culture into this people, which cannot be erased by modernity that easily. Phillips (2001) has observed that â€Å"Basseri are true nomads, sometimes moving camp nearly everyday† (p.286). Studies (Phillips, 2001) about Basseri have shown that a group of Basseris may establish and re-erect their tent on an average of â€Å"120 times a year† (p.286). As seasons change, they follow a route that take them into pastures along the valleys and also help their cattle cope with the rising temperatures (Philipps, 2001, p.286). During summer, thus they reach the high altitudes and in the autumn, commence the return journey to the valleys (Philipps, 2001, p.286). In this way, Basseri is a people constantly on the move. And the movement in their life is connected with their primary mode of subsistence. A section of these nomads have now become sedentary while another major section still remains true to their nomadic culture (Philipps, 2001, p.283). Primary mode of subsistence As discussed above, the primary mode of subsistence for Basseri tribe has been pastoralism. They have a pattern of â€Å"annual movement cycles† which make them travel according to the climate and availability of grass for their cattle (Marx, 1977, p.344). They are also seen to mo ve around based on â€Å"subsistence units†, which are specific areas that they move into under the norm that it is their â€Å"territory† (Marx, 1977, p.344). The livelihood of Basseri tribe has been by selling meat and skin, and other pastoral products (Tapper, 1997, p.21). Anthropologists have even named the pastoral and nomadic tribes of Iran as â€Å"units of subsistence†, a nomenclature indicative of how the very mode of subsistence becomes their socio-cultural identity. Pastoralist Being pastoral does not mean that the only subsistence of a society is pastoralism. Instead such a nomenclature is just indicative that â€Å"as long as economic alternatives are insecure, and pastoralism serves as the economic base, †¦people are justly called pastoral nomads† (Marx, 1977, p.344). But the more important aspect, as discussed above is that pastoralism is always â€Å"the mainstay of their culture† (Marx, 1977, p. 344). Another fact is that past oralism is found to develop only in places where â€Å"water is seasonally in short supply† (Marx, 1977, p.345). In the deserts of Middle East, every year, there are alternating dry and wet spells of weather. It is to cope with this climatic condition that Basseri tribe became nomadic and pastoral. Culture The Basseri culture is distinct with strong ties of kinship, which has resulted in the formation of independent families who inhabit a tent.

Sir Oswald Mosley, his Political development and his Contribution to Research Paper

Sir Oswald Mosley, his Political development and his Contribution to Politics - Research Paper Example He proposed and advocated for an Irish policy of withdrawal and non-intervention, which he stood for in the 1920’s and 1930’s. Mosley later returned to parliament as an independent candidate in the parliamentary elections of 1922 and 1923. He then joined the labour party in 1924 and began to qualify himself as an expert on economic policies. In 1927, he was elected to the labour party’s national committee and then in 1929, as a chancellor of Duchy in Lancaster. Mosley resigned from office on 20 May 1930. In 1931, he founded the new party together with other MP’s. The 1930’s were characterized by emergence of Fascism in British politics. In 1932, Mosley founded a paramilitary organization called the British Union of Fascists (BUF). The ‘Battle of Cable Street’ refers to a confrontation that took place in London East end, on 4th October 1936. The police, British Union Fascists, and antifascists were involved. Keywords: Career, Sir Oswald Mosley, Battle of Cable street, British Union of Fascists, Politics Sir Oswald Mosley is best remembered for leading The British Union of Fascists in the 1930’s, as well as his unwavering support of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany. From a tender age, Mosley was an active politician before turning to Fascism in 1932 (Thackeray & Findling, 2012). Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley was born in London on 16th November 1896. He was the first born child to Katherine Mead Heathcoat and Oswald Mosley. He was the eldest of three children in Oswald Mosley’s family. He was educated in Winchester, Sandhurst. He later, served in the army as a pilot and Calvary officer during World War 1, until he was circumscribed out of the army in 1916, due to an old injury. He was later elected into parliament as a Conservative coalition-unionist in December 1918 (Thackeray & Findling, 2012). Mosley got married to Cynthia Curzon, the daughter of the foreign secretary in 1920, in the presence of King George V and Queen Mary (Ritschel, 1997). Mosley’s political career was largely successful and the impetus to Mosley’s youthful political motivation was his commitment to patriotic purpose of national economic recovery and social reconstruction (Ritschel, 1997). In November 1920, Mosley opposed the British government’s policy on Ireland’s independence. This made him attain immense publicity due to his critique of government troop’s reprisals and atrocities against Ireland. Mosley proposed and advocated for an Irish policy of withdrawal and non-intervention, which he stood for in the 1920’s and 1930’s. He later returned to parliament as an independent candidate in the parliamentary elections of 1922 and 1923 (Strauss, 1993). Mosley then joined the labour party in 1924, and began to qualify himself as an expert on economic policies. It is hard however to determine whether Mosley was committed to matters of the British government, or he was just acting as a non-conformist. His unwillingness to conform to party discipline and majority decisions is evident in his controversy over unemployment policy. In 1927, he was elected to the labour party’s national committee and then in 1929, as a chancellor of Duchy in Lancaster (Strauss, 1993) In January 1930, Mosley submitted Mosley’s Memorandum to the British Prime Minister. The Memorandum was an elaborate plan on how to solve the British economy woes at the time that emanated from the

Are Wars Good for the Economy?

Are Wars Good for the Economy? Mr. PRAKHAR MAHESHWARI Are Wars Good For Economy? INTRODUCTION â€Å"War, n: A time-tested political tactic guaranteed to raise a president’s popularity rating by at least 30 points. It is especially useful during election years and economic downturns.† Chaz Bufe, American Anarchist Author Wars. Invasions. Fights. The reason for these and the final consequence of these is economy. Communities, kingdoms and countries have been fighting countless wars and invading other countries and kingdoms in search for wealth and money. The Mughals and the English came to India having knowledge that the country was full of gold and had massive wealth. Americans declared war on Iraq in search of the precious oil. Even particular individuals fight with their own kin and family for property, wealth and money. But is destruction of life and property the only thing which happens before, after even during a war? This project deals with precisely that. The project focuses on the economic development and/or economic destruction of USA during world wars. However, the project isn’t strictly focused on only US. Countries like Britain, France and Germany needed to be given a special mention in such kind of a topic. Wars make or break a country. And it is an integral question that we must ask ourselves: Are wars really good for economy? ECONOMY AND WORLD WARS There are several reasons to enter a war. Although economic reasons are the most important, patriotism, loyalty and friendship towards a nation and the belief of â€Å"helping the needy and the right out† not only decides if a nation should enter a war but also decides which side that country would join. World War 1 The United States entered the war very late. They were participants for approximately an year and a half – from April 1917 to November 1918.[1] This little participation in terms of days was very different from the point of view of contribution. The number of Americans serving the Army was more than a staggering four million. Not only did they provide men to the fighting nations, they also equipped them with great supply of raw materials and weapons and ammunition.[2] Before the war, the American economy was in a bad shape. However, the buying of U.S. weaponry and goods for war by the fighting Europeans and when the U.S. itself joined the conflict, the economy boomed.[3] Hugh Rockoff writes that if the United States had not converted the opportunity of making and delivering goods and weapons to the European Allies, it would have been next to impossible for the country to enter and win the war.[4] The massive production of such goods, which were added only after looking at the demands made by the European countries, ensured easy entrance of the United States.[5] Also, the goods were made in such a way that the country itself would need it if it enters the war.[6] The Americans had actually realized that the spoils of the war, if they won, would be huge and the profits were not ignorable. Hugh Rockoff also observes that â€Å"Entry into the war in 1917 unleashed massive U.S. federal spending which shifted national production from civilian to war goods. Between 1914 and 1918, some 3 million people were added to the military and half a million to the government.†[7] Infact, the impact of such employment was that the rate of unemployment came down from 7.9 percent to 1.4 percent.[8] This was not only due to the addition of men in the armies but also because labours and workers were required in large numbers to new manufacturing jobs like manufacturing guns, war infrastructure and developing technology.[9] U.S. exports to the European countries, due to this war in 1917, shot up to almost three times the year 1913’s exports. While U.S. exported goods worth $1.5 billion dollars in 1913, the sales were in excess of $4 billion dollars in 1917.[10] Now let us assume that the United States had got nothing to do with the war. It was a neutral country and was not supplying any goods to any European country. Also, let us assume that the raw material used to produce these exports for the European countries were only able to manufacture about half as much value when such goods were transported to other countries which were not at war.[11] Based on these assumptions, if we calculate the value in output in the year 1917, the loss would come out to be a bit more than $2 billion dollars per year.[12] In 1917, this was worth 3.7 percent the U.S GNP and about 6.3 percent of the total U.S. cost of war.[13] Rockoff estimates â€Å"the total cost of World War I to the United States at approximately $32 billion, or 52 percent of gross national product at the time. He breaks down the financing of the U.S. war effort as follows: 22 percent in taxes, 58 percent through borrowings from the public, and 20 percent in money creation. The War Revenue Act of 1917 taxed excess profits profits exceeding an amount determined by the rate of return on capital in a base period by some 20 to 60 percent, and the tax rate on income starting at $50,000 rose from 1.5 percent in 1913-15 to more than 18 percent in 1918. Meanwhile, Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo crisscrossed the country peddling war bonds, even enlisting the help of Hollywood stars and Boy Scouts. The prevalence of patriotic themes created social pressure to purchase the Liberty bonds (and, after the armistice, the Victory bonds), but in practice the new bondholders did not make a tangible personal sacrifice in buying war bonds, sin ce the yields on these debt instruments were comparable to those on standard municipal bonds at the time. As can be seen, patriotic motives were not sufficient to alter market prices of assets during the war.†[14] Due to this war, various infrastructural projects were taken up and developed like Railroad, fuel and granaries. Since men had to go to war, the women took up the initiative of working in companies, etc. This ensured the economic freedom of women and more and more women started working. It is often said that the one’s gain is another’s loss. Wars are no different. Where one country’s, the United States’, economy was going through a positive transformation, the economies of the European powers were humbled. Even though the Allies won the war, the major participants, the British and the French, suffered massive losses. Saints have said that â€Å"Everything that shines is not gold.† They may have â€Å"won† the war, but economically, they had been fooled by this shine. However, the losses were restricted mainly to the battle fields. Overall, even the British economy (in terms of GDP) grew by around 14-15% during the four to five years of the world war. However, the country lost its men fighting for the country.[15] As discussed earlier, war also involves patriotism and many civilians hence started saving and investing in wars rather than the normal consumption. These investments were used majorly for ammunitions. The Government’s share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rose from 8% to 38% in these five years.[16] The story of the Germans, the losers of the war, was however very different. Not only they had to give huge taxes and compensation, there economy was brought to the knees. Germany, just like any other country, had to borrow money from various banks, the axis powers and even its citizens. When the Germans lost, they had to pay back even these creditors. The Germans were left in huge debts and their economy was destroyed. And the main cause of their destruction was the Treaty of Versailles. Supposed to be a peace treaty, many people claim it to be an important reason of the Second World War. This treaty literally forced the Germans to pay huge compensations – a total sum of  £6.6 billion.[17] This amount was way beyond the financial capacities of the Germans. Economy doesn’t only mean the money or financial capacity. It also means the territorial extend of the country. After all, even territories are the properties of a country. After the First World War, Germany had to give up large chunks of its territories to the Allied Forces. â€Å"The Versailles treaty deprived Germany of around 13.5% of its 1914 territory (some seven million people) and all of its overseas possessions. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, and Belgium was enlarged in the east with the addition of the formerly German border areas of Eupen and Malmedy. Among other territorial re-arrangements, an area of East Prussia was handed over to Lithuania, and the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia. The German army was limited to a maximum of 100,000 men, and a ban placed upon the use of heavy artillery, gas, tanks and aircraft. The German navy was similarly restricted to shipping under 10,000 tons, with a ban on submarines.†[18] The other financial and economical clauses of the treaty are dealt with in Article 248 to 312 with certain Annexes. Hence where some countries were enjoying the spoils of war, the other countries had to pay heavy compensations and reparations. World War 2 World War 2 was no different when the reasons for the war are given a thought. The world had seen one of the greatest economic tragedies ever in the form of the Great Depression of 1929, just 6 years before the start of the Second World War. There was chaos on the streets as people lost on jobs and the unemployment rate was on an all time high, crossing the 25% mark. The companies were going bankrupt, economy was in a disaster and depression, as the name phenomenon suggests, was spread across the world. It was evident that another war was on its way. With the rise of Adolf Hitler and economic woes of Germany after accepting the Treaty of Versailles, Germans had to wage wars, once again with the Allied Powers. The U.S., like the previous war, joined this one later, approximately by 2 years. The country, however, like before, started producing and manufacturing wartime goods for the â€Å"worst case scenario†. When the United States got involved in the Second World War, the demand for labor shot up. To fight a war, country needs weapons and for that the country needs manufacturing facilities and labor in huge numbers. The national employment suddenly fell to a minimal 10% in just a few months of the declaration of war by the country from its 1940 level.[19] The country was at war and weapons and infrastructure need to be built up with a rapid speed. Even fortification of borders and military bases abroad was equally important.[20] All these factors coupled with the fact that weapons and military equipments, vehicles and other wartime instruments needed to be transported and mobilized ensured vast labor requirement.[21] The Employers wanted to fill the vacancies as fast as possible so as to meet the production demand. This however, brought in vacancies in other non-war areas. These positions were then filled by women and non white people. They had been excluded from a long time from such industries which payed highly and involved high skills. Hence war meant employment for the whole country.[22] War doesn’t only bring profits. It brings massive destruction to life and property. Britain gave us the Industrial Revolution, and the very same industries, which were the pride of the Great Britain, were left nothing more to rumble. The damage that these facilities incurred, not only in Britain but also in other European countries, was much more than what they had incurred in the previous wars.[23] Where the damages incurred by France were approximately thrice of their total annual income, Britain suffered heavy losses in the form of damages to residential houses.[24] About 30% of the homes in Britain were destroyed by Germans in the Second World War, first by the aerial blitz and then by bombs and rockets.[25] The Germans, losing the war again, had their country divided into West and East Germany. While West was influenced by the capitalist USA, the East was the communist USSR. The economic woes for Britain and France were not limited to their own countries. They had to let go many important colonies as they had exhausted their money and resources and had none left for their militaries in these areas. India gained its independence as the growing revolts and violence in the country left Britain shocked. Britain had no more resources to deal with these violent outbursts and had to leave the country, just like they had to leave many other territories. USSR and US strengthened their economies during cold war, but USSR, after the recession of 1970, could not recover like the US and had to surrender in the cold war. It has been seen by historians that whenever countries have not gone to war or had no threat of being attacked, their economy have not grown or grown but with a very low percentage. But the wars, apart from developing or destroying economies, affect common man too. Inflation and rise in taxes are the two main effects. These are however short term. â€Å"Increasing taxes reduces consumer spending, which does not help the economy improve at all. Suppose we decrease government spending on social programs. Firstly weve lost the benefits those social programs provide. The recipients of those programs will now have less money to spend on other items, so the economy will decline as a whole. Increasing the debt means that well either have to decrease spending or increase taxes in the future; its a way to delay the inevitable. Plus theres all those interest payments in the meantime.†[26] Lack of wars The European countries in the western side of the continent have very little or no threat of being overtaken by another country in the present times. The politicians and ministers are therefore not criticized for not developing the economy faster. Infact, when these ministers lose their office, they are â€Å"garlanded† with income boosts from counseling and consultation as well as speaking fees. If not these, then they retire to an amazing and dreamy holiday spot.[27] This however is not true for the countries that face constant danger from their neighbors or other countries. An example would be that of China and Japan. The Japanese face great pressure, both territorial and geographical from the Chinese.[28] This is true for India and Pakistan. India today is the largest importer of ammunitions as she faces constant and grave danger from its parted neighbors, Pakistan. Hence where countries like India face constant danger from almost all its neighboring countries, they are the highest importers of ammunitions and weapons and countries like Switzerland, which are considered to be one of the most peaceful countries, hardly import any weapons.[29] US spend approximately $650 billion dollars in ammunitions.[30] This is what wars can do. They can make a country develop its resources and infrastructure. CONCLUSION As we can see, wars have the ability to develop an economy. In this project we dealt with three types of outcomes of a war. And each type had its representative. In the first type of outcome, the country wins. They win and enjoy a good deal of compensation. There economy grows by leaps and bounds, the rate of unemployment declines, infrastructure develops and the spoils of war compensate the losses they suffer. An example of this is the United States. While they joined late in the world wars, they had a great say and impact on the war. They had already developed their weapons and ammunitions and had gone to war with preparation. The second type of outcome is one in which although the country wins the war, they are badly hurt as far as economy is concerned. Their industries are destroyed, territories left damaged and even the spoils of war are not enough for their recovery. Britain and France are good examples of these. They â€Å"won† the Second World War but ended up losing m ore than what they won. They exhausted all their resources and their colonies gained independence. The third type of outcome is one in which the country loses; Germany being the example. Germany lost both its wars and had to pay damages which the obviously couldn’t. Infact, they had to ask for loans from the same countries they had to pay the damages. But leaving aside these so called boosters of economy, can any war, battle or fight justify the loss of human life? How can we as humans put a value to a person’s life? Economy may get boosted but for a short while. The damage to life, however, is a very very long one. In conclusion, I would like to say that war, like alcohol, is an addiction. Initially it tastes good, you think that all the worries are now away. But it’s not long before the person indulging himself in such addiction realizes that the pleasure was momentary, what he faces now is scars for life, which no money or economy can remove. [1] Price Fishback, U.S. Economy in World War I (eh.net 2010) http://eh.net/encyclopedia/u-s-economy-in-world-war-i/> accessed 28 June 2014. [2] Price Fishback, U.S. Economy in World War I (eh.net 2010) http://eh.net/encyclopedia/u-s-economy-in-world-war-i/> accessed 28 June 2014. [3] Carlos Lozada, The Economics of World War I (nber.org 2014) http://www.nber.org/digest/jan05/w10580.html> accessed 29 June 2014. [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Carlos Lozada, The Economics of World War I (nber.org 2014) http://www.nber.org/digest/jan05/w10580.html> accessed 29 June 2014. [10] Price Fishback, U.S. Economy in World War I (eh.net 2010) http://eh.net/encyclopedia/u-s-economy-in-world-war-i/> accessed 28 June 2014. [11] Ibid. [12] Price Fishback, U.S. Economy in World War I (eh.net 2010) http://eh.net/encyclopedia/u-s-economy-in-world-war-i/> accessed 28 June 2014. [13] Ibid. [14] Carlos Lozada, The Economics of World War I (nber.org 2014) http://www.nber.org/digest/jan05/w10580.html> accessed 29 June 2014. [15] Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining World War I (1st, Basic Books, 1988) 249. [16] Ibid. [17] London Jewish Cultural Centre, Economic effects of the Treaty of Versailles (theholocaustexplained.org 2009) http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks4/the-nazi-rise-to-power/the-german-economy-c-1919-29/economic-effects-of-the-treaty-of-versailles/> accessed 29 June 2014. [18] Michael Duffy, Treaty of Versailles, 28 June 1919 (firstworldwar.com 2009) http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/versailles.htm> accessed 29 June 2014. [19] David Siminoff and Deb Tennen, World War II: Home Front (shmoop.com 2009) http://www.shmoop.com/wwii-home-front/economy.html> accessed 29 June 2014 [20] Ibid. [21] Ibid. [22] Ibid. [23] Dr. Susmit Kumar, Consequences of World Wars I and II (susmitkumar.net 2010) http://www.susmitkumar.net/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=66:consequenses-of-world-wars-i-and-iiItemid=38> accessed 29 June 2014. [24] Ibid. [25] Dr. Susmit Kumar, Consequences of World Wars I and II (susmitkumar.net 2010) http://www.susmitkumar.net/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=66:consequenses-of-world-wars-i-and-iiItemid=38> accessed 29 June 2014. [26] Jodi Beggs, Are Wars Good for the Economy? (about.com 2014) http://economics.about.com/cs/issues/l/aa032003c.htm> accessed 29 June 2014. [27] Tyler Cowen, The Lack of Major Wars May Be Hurting Economic Growth (nytimes.com 2014) http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/14/upshot/the-lack-of-major-wars-may-be-hurting-economic-growth.html?_r=0> accessed 29 June 2014. [28] Ibid. [29] The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2013 (table). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2011). [30] Ibid. Georgia OKeeffe | Artist Biography Georgia OKeeffe | Artist Biography Georgia OKeeffe Georgia O’Keeffe is one of many famous American painters. Her paintings of flowers, skulls, horns, and pelvises against a colorful New Mexico background are what made her known to the art world (Zophy 448). There are so many interesting facts about Georgia O’Keeffe, which include her education and teaching, her major works and where they are, the honors she has received, and her charcoal drawings. Georgia and her siblings attended the Number Five District school house. This school was called the Town Hall School. Georgia once stated, â€Å"My memories of childhood are quite pleasant, although I hated school. I left the local school when I was twelve, and was sent to a convent school in Madison, Wisconsin. It was the one year I ever really learned anything,† (Robinson 24). While Georgia attended the Sacred Heart School, she was in the advanced section of her class. â€Å"At the convent in Madison, I don’t even remember wanting to do anything I shouldn’t,† she said (31). In 1902, she was sent to the big public high school in Milwaukee. She didn’t pay much attention to the academics and did not like the art teacher either. In the art room of the high school, she realized that the world through which she walked was a never ending source for her work. Since the age of ten, she knew that painting would be her life long profession (Zophy 448). Georgia first taught at the Chatham Episcopal Institute in Williamsburg, Virginia. The six weeks at Chatham showed Georgia how to continue her art, live in the country and be able to live off her artworks. It showed her a life she might make for herself after all (Robinson, 79). Georgia was offered a teaching position at the University of Virginia. When she wrote to a friend in Texas to get a reference, her friend told her about an opening in Amarillo. She immediately took the position in Amarillo. â€Å"I was very excited about going to Texas, where Billy the Kid had been,† (Robinson, 86). â€Å"Later she went to West Texas State Normal College in the Texas panhandle. Her teaching methods were unofficial. Georgia was head of her own department. She taught the students the methods of design, drawing, costume design, interior decoration, and the teaching of drawing† (Robinson, 159). â€Å"One of Georgia’s many famous paintings is the Jack-In-The-Pulpit series. This series is a powerful celebration of the strong thrust of spring and of the dark secret tower enfolded in green. Due to the natural design of the Jack, the paintings have been viewed as sexual. Georgia did not like her paintings to be put into that category† (Robinson, 354). Another series of Georgia’s paintings is the â€Å"Corn† series. â€Å"She got the inspiration to paint this series while living with Albert, her husband, in the country. She loved working in her garden which is where the vision came to her. The design of the young plants while she was looking down onto them made an exciting and stirring statement to her† (Robinson, 269). The Georgia O’Keeffe Museum opened on July 17, 1997 in Santa Fe, New Mexico and was built for the purpose of preserving and presenting the life work of one of America’s famous artists, this museum now houses a permanent collecton of O’Keeffe’s art (â€Å"Georgia†). O’Keeffe Museum’s Director, Peter H. Hassrick, added, â€Å"O’Keeffe’s life and work are central to the Santa Fe mix. When people visit Santa Fe, they think of Georgia O’Keeffe, and an institution devoted to her artistic accomplishments, located in the region that inspired much of her work, is long overdue.† (â€Å"Georgia†). â€Å"There are more than eighty paintings, watercolors, drawings, pastels, and sculptures in the collection. One of the centerpieces of the collection is â€Å"Jimson Weed†, a large-scale flower painting, one of her favorite flowers, created in 1982. She liked to make more than one version of her paintings† (â€Å"Georgia†). â€Å" The museum’s long-range plans include the building of a study center on the museum grounds providing scholars, students, and the general public with reference materials on the life and art of Georgia O’Keeffe and her fellow artists† (Robinson, 423) â€Å"Another place that Georgia’s paintings can be seen is at the National Gallery of Art. â€Å"Secretary of Treasury, Andrew W. Mellon, first wrote of his interest in creating a national art museum in Washington, D.C. in the year of 1928. Later in 1937, Congress passed legislation to build the National Gallery of Art as an independent agency within the Smithsonian Institution. Four years later, the National Gallery of Art was dedicated by President Roosevelt in the evening of the seventeenth of March which was attended by over 8,000 guests† (â€Å"National†). â€Å"The mission of the National Gallery of Art is to serve the United States of America in a national role by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of works of art, at the highest possible museum and scholarly standard,† (â€Å"Mission†). â€Å"The 291st Gallery in New York was the first gallery to recognize her talent. There were few galleries in New York that showed American art because each artist had their own special style† (â€Å"Younger†). It soon closed shortly after its opening in 1917 (â€Å"Younger†). Georgia had received many great honors throughout her life. Here are some of them: in 1935 she was recognized for excellence in her field by the New York League of Business and Professional Women. â€Å"Later, in May of 1938, she received her first honorary degree, a doctorate of fine arts, from the college of William and Mary, in Williamsburg† (Robinson 423). In 1939, she was chosen as one of the twelve most outstanding women of the past fifty years. â€Å"Her painting, Sunset-Long Island, was picked to represent New York at the World’s Fair† (Ahsby, 432). â€Å"In 1942, she was given a second honorary degree, this one from the University of Wisconsin. In 1946, Georgia received an honor from the Women’s National Press Club, as one of ten women who had reached distinction in their fields† (Ashby, 451). Thirty-one years later, on January 10, 1977, Georgia was given the Medal of Freedom, which is America’s highest civilian award and was awarded to her by president Gerald Ford (â€Å"The Award†). Georgia recieved another award from a President in April of 1985. This one was the National Medal of Arts, given to her by President Ronald Reagan. This is the highest award given to artists and art supporters by the United States Government. â€Å"With this medal, the President recognizes the extent of creative expression of America’s artists. This is a lifetime achievement award.† (â€Å"The Award†) Georgia was given this medal one year before her death (â€Å"National†). â€Å"In 1962, the American Academy of Arts and Letters elected her into membership. That same year she was honored with the Bandeis University Creative Arts Award. In 1966, she became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences† (Robinson 507). â€Å"Georgia O’Keeffe also did many charcoal drawings. Her very first charcoal drawing was titled the â€Å"Special No. 15,† a very early drawing of the Palo Duro Canyon in Texas. It sends a remarkable and significant sense of place. Then eighteen years later in 1934, she drew â€Å"Special No. 40.† She wrote, â€Å"This is from the sea – a shell – and paintings followed. Maybe not as good as this drawing.† Also in this group of Georgia’s drawings is a rare charcoal drawing of her friend, the African American painter Beauford Delaney from the 1940’s. In 1959, she made a charcoal drawing of a riverbed in a desert, which was inspired by sketches she made during one of her first airplane rides† (â€Å"Philidelphia†). â€Å"Another one, â€Å"Banana Flower No. 1,† was chosen by Albert to be shown in his gallery. Because of her high standards when drawing flowers, some people thought there was some hidden meaning in them† (â€Å"American†). â€Å"She also drew â€Å"Maybe a Kiss† in 1916, another of a series, because of a boyfriend who left â€Å"(Robinson 133). In 1934, she drew the â€Å"Eagle Claw and Bean Necklace (Robinson, 406). â€Å"All of Georgia O’Keeffe’s paintings and drawings had a reason to be drawn. The first reason is because she loved nature.† Many times, she said, â€Å"You know how you walk along a country road and notice a little tuft of grass, and the next time you pass that way you stop to see how it is getting along and how much it has grown?† (Robinson 233). Many of Georgia’s visions came from nature, she would tell people this by saying, â€Å"When you take a flower in your hand and really look at it, it’s your world for a moment,† (Robinson, 33). She would walk through the pines and hear â€Å"singing woods,† (Robinson, 118). â€Å"On the prairie she noticed how dried bones and skulls had a beauty of their own. She liked the color, strength, and shapes of these.† (Robinson, 119) â€Å"Another reason for her charcoal drawings is because of her emotions. In the nineteenth century, and in earlier decades of the twentieth century, art critics enjoyed the sentimental and long discussions of the emotional qualities in the paintings they saw: sadness, tenderness, passion, rage – all four were great feelings to be kept in print† (Robinson, 178). â€Å"It seemed she did most of her charcoal drawings when she was sad or lonely† (Ashby, 133). She once told a friend that art was a force that passed through the soul (Robinson, 28). Summing up her life, Georgia moved to Abiquiu, New Mexico permanently after her husband died in 1946. She had visited there many times before and fell in love with the place. She rented a ranch and stayed there six months out of the year (Ashby 204). â€Å"Her style was known as modernism. Some of her most innovative works were in watercolors, pastel, and charcoal† (â€Å"O’Keeffe†). By the year of 1984, she was blind (Robinson 249). â€Å"She spent the rest of her life with a nurse. She died on March 6, 1986 at a hospital in Santa Fe, New Mexico. She was ninety-nine years old. She was cremated and her ashes were scattered into the â€Å"windy landscape† near her house at Ghost Ranch† ( Robinson, 550). This paper has some of the many interesting facts about Georgia O’Keeffe, including: her education and teaching, her major works and where they are, all of the honors she has received, and her charcoal drawings. Georgia O’Keeffe had a ve ry interesting life, this term paper only touched on part of it. Works Cited â€Å"American.† Arkansas Art Center. 2000. 20 Feb 2008. . Ashby, Ruth, and Deborah Gore Ohrn. â€Å"Georgia O’Keeffe.† Herstory: Women Who Changed the World. New York: Penguin Books, 1995: 202-204. â€Å"The Award.† Presidential Medal of Freedom. 2007. 20 Feb 2008. . â€Å"Georgia O’Keeffe Museum.† Traditional Fine Arts Online, Inc. 1997. 22 Feb 2008. . â€Å"Mission Statement.† National Gallery of Art. 2008. 21 Feb 2008. . â€Å"National Gallery of Art.† National Gallery of Art. 2008. 19 Feb 2008. . â€Å"The National Medal of Arts.† National Endowment for the Arts. 22 Feb 2008. . â€Å"O’Keeffe on Paper.† Traditional Fine Arts Online, Inc. 1996-2001. 22 Feb 2008. . Robinson, Roxana. Georgia O’Keeffe: A Life. New York: Harper Row, 1989: 24-550. â€Å"Special.† Philadelphia Museum of Art. 1996-1999. 20 Feb 2008. . â€Å"Younger American Artists.† National Gallery of Art. 2008. 21 Feb 2008. . Zophy, Angela Howard, and Frances M. Kavenik. â€Å"Georgia O’Keeffe.† Handbook of American Women’s History. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 1990: 448. Bradford Assay: Standard Quantitative Method Determination Bradford Assay: Standard Quantitative Method Determination The Bradford assay is a standard quantitative method for the determination of protein concentrations. Bradford reagent used in the assay contains Coomassie Blue which produces a characteristic blue colour upon binding to proteins in solution (Bradford, Anal. Biochem. 72: 248, 1976).. Using a spectrophotometer the absorbance of the coloured product can be determined. Analysis of multiple samples may involve the use of a microtitre plate so that samples can be replicated and more reliable results obtained. The use of microtitre plates also automates the process so results are produced very quickly. Samples are pipetted into multi-well plates and the absorbance values measured using a multi-well microtitre plate reader equipped with a 595 nm filter. Part 1 Calibration Data for the Bradford Assay A calibration curve for the Bradford assay in the range 0.2- 1.0 mg/ml was obtained using three replicates for each concentration, using a microtitre plate. These data are shown in Figure 1 below. Linear Regression Analysis was performed and the equation of the line of best fit, y=mx +c, was produced (where y represents absorbance, x is the concentration of protein, m is the slope of the line of best fit and c is the intercept of the line on the y-axis). Q1. Describe the relationship between protein concentration and absorbance for the Bradford assay calibration curve. Q2. What is meant by a line of best fit? Q3. Comment on the value of R2 Using the values of the equation of the line of best fit, the absorbance value for each standard was used to calculate the actual concentration of protein in each replicate. The mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation ((mean/SD)x100%) were calculated and are presented in Table 1 below: Comment on the reproducibility of the assay in the range 0.2 to 1.0mg/ml of protein. Part 2 Investigation of the effects of detergents on the absorbance of a set concentration of protein, using the Bradford Assay. Background You are part of a research team that is looking at the different proteins involved in a cell signalling pathway which leads to the increased synthesis of a specific protein, P. One technique used in this work involves the use of cells kept under tissue culture conditions. These cells are treated with inhibitors, after which they are broken open by solubilisation of their membranes (cell lysis) and the soluble cell contents taken up into solution. Before analysis of the solution for levels of P, the total protein content of each lysate has to be determined. One of the reagents in the buffer solution that can be used to solubilise the cell membranes is a detergent. Detergents can cause interference in a protein assay. In an investigation using the Bradford assay, two detergents at different concentrations were exposed to a set concentration of protein (0.5mg/ml). These are sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton X. The absorbance values were converted into protein concentrations using the equation of the line of best fit from the calibration curve and the data subjected to statistical analysis (One Way ANOVA). Mean data are compared in Tables 2 and 3, and Figures 2 and 3.

Gatto’s Against School

â€Å"Gatto’s Against School† In John Taylor Gatto’s â€Å"Against School†, the author describes our educational system, from a teachers’ point of view, as boring. Not only are the students bored, but the teachers are as well. Gatto asserts that, â€Å"Teachers are themselves a product of the same twelve year compulsory school program that so thoroughly bore their students and school personnel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (683). If the teachers aren’t happy with and are bored of the educational system, the students aren’t going to have the want or drive to learn.Students want to be engaged by the teachers. If the material they’re teaching isn’t reacting to the students than maybe it’s time for a change? Like Gatto, I believe that most students only want to learn about something that they have a vested interest in. If they don’ have any interest in it, then of course they are going to be bored. Gatto suggests ways of fixin g the â€Å"boredom† within the student.The author asserts that, â€Å"Instead of receiving schooling that bores them, we encourage the best qualities of youthfulness- curiosity, adventure, resilience, the capacity for surprising insight-simply by being more flexible on time, texts, and tests, by introducing truly competent adults and giving each student what autonomy he or she needs in order to take a risk every now and then† (684). I know from my own experience that if I am challenged, and pushed to take a risk, that you can perform at your very best.If the students have to take a class with boring or dull material, than the teacher cannot expect the students to want to push themselves to do their best. Although our educational system has served us as a nation very well, the author believes that it has failed to prepare people for what lies ahead after schooling. According to Gatto, there are three main purposes for schooling, â€Å"1) To make good people, 2) To mak e good citizens, 3) To make each person his/her best† (685).Gatto believes that these values in and of themselves are not wrong, but that we can’t do enough to achieve them. The author adds the point that, â€Å"The main functions are to hold back and limit progress of the student†. I feel it is not just the educational system but the teaching as well. If there were more competent teachers that understood that the material they are mandated to teach is boring and ineffective, than they should change it, or at the very least suggest a change in material to the head of the department.If one of the purposes of our educational system is to make each person achieve his/her best, than the teachers should strive to make sure the students are getting the best possible product out there. In essence, Gatto’s â€Å"Against School† asserts that our educational system is boring and fails to allow the student to take risks by subjecting the student to the same ma terial that they either already know, or that the teachers themselves are bored with, and or don’t know enough about.After reading this essay, it is hard to disagree with what Gatto states. I believe that changing the material once in a while will allow the student to achieve higher expectations and to help the student to reach his/her personal best. Having competent teachers, will ensure the student has the best subject matter expert to be giving out the material. After all, it’s the student who suffers as he or she is there to gain the knowledge from the teacher; shouldn’t the student get the best? Gatto’s Against School â€Å"Gatto’s Against School† In John Taylor Gatto’s â€Å"Against School†, the author describes our educational system, from a teachers’ point of view, as boring. Not only are the students bored, but the teachers are as well. Gatto asserts that, â€Å"Teachers are themselves a product of the same twelve year compulsory school program that so thoroughly bore their students and school personnel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (683). If the teachers aren’t happy with and are bored of the educational system, the students aren’t going to have the want or drive to learn.Students want to be engaged by the teachers. If the material they’re teaching isn’t reacting to the students than maybe it’s time for a change? Like Gatto, I believe that most students only want to learn about something that they have a vested interest in. If they don’ have any interest in it, then of course they are going to be bored. Gatto suggests ways of fixin g the â€Å"boredom† within the student.The author asserts that, â€Å"Instead of receiving schooling that bores them, we encourage the best qualities of youthfulness- curiosity, adventure, resilience, the capacity for surprising insight-simply by being more flexible on time, texts, and tests, by introducing truly competent adults and giving each student what autonomy he or she needs in order to take a risk every now and then† (684). I know from my own experience that if I am challenged, and pushed to take a risk, that you can perform at your very best.If the students have to take a class with boring or dull material, than the teacher cannot expect the students to want to push themselves to do their best. Although our educational system has served us as a nation very well, the author believes that it has failed to prepare people for what lies ahead after schooling. According to Gatto, there are three main purposes for schooling, â€Å"1) To make good people, 2) To mak e good citizens, 3) To make each person his/her best† (685).Gatto believes that these values in and of themselves are not wrong, but that we can’t do enough to achieve them. The author adds the point that, â€Å"The main functions are to hold back and limit progress of the student†. I feel it is not just the educational system but the teaching as well. If there were more competent teachers that understood that the material they are mandated to teach is boring and ineffective, than they should change it, or at the very least suggest a change in material to the head of the department.If one of the purposes of our educational system is to make each person achieve his/her best, than the teachers should strive to make sure the students are getting the best possible product out there. In essence, Gatto’s â€Å"Against School† asserts that our educational system is boring and fails to allow the student to take risks by subjecting the student to the same ma terial that they either already know, or that the teachers themselves are bored with, and or don’t know enough about.After reading this essay, it is hard to disagree with what Gatto states. I believe that changing the material once in a while will allow the student to achieve higher expectations and to help the student to reach his/her personal best. Having competent teachers, will ensure the student has the best subject matter expert to be giving out the material. After all, it’s the student who suffers as he or she is there to gain the knowledge from the teacher; shouldn’t the student get the best?